Authors

A. Arnberger, AVL List GmbH, Graz; E. Olofsson, TRATON AB, Södertälje

Year

2026

Print Info

Production/Publication ÖVK

Summary

As Europe accelerates towards carbon neutrality by 2050, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines remain a pathway for achieving Zero-CO₂-Emission Vehicle (ZEV) classification under VECTO standards. Building on prior work that established the potential of high-pressure direct injection (HPDI) using mainly hydrogen, this follow-up study explores the next frontier: transitioning towards a closed-cycle engine architecture to further minimize emissions and optimize efficiency.
The closed-cycle concept, characterized by the elimination of atmospheric gas exchange and the containment of combustion byproducts, offers a transformative approach for future engine design, especially for industrial- and commercial applications. By integrating simulation-based thermodynamic modeling with empirical data from engine bench testing, this publication evaluates the feasibility and performance of hydrogen HPDI within a closed-cycle operation. In addition to the latest findings, outstanding development challenges and the necessary boundary conditions for successful practical implementation should also be discussed.

ISBN

978-3-9504969-5-6

DOI

https://doi.org/10.62626/6hgx-bkeq Copy link

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