Fuel Cells for Future Marine Propulsion Systems

Authors

Günter FIGER, Clemens MAIR, Thomas SCHUBERT, Josef MACHERHAMMER
AVL List GmbH

Summary

Marine transportation is vital for the global economy, but its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions pose a significant challenge to meeting emission reduction targets. This paper explores fuel cell-based power systems, specifically proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and fuel-flexible solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), as emission-reducing alternatives in the maritime sector. Various alternative fuels are assessed, with hydrogen ranking highest only for some specific marine applications. However, challenges in storage and availability hinder widespread hydrogen adoption. LNG, methanol, and ammonia show promise with different advantages and requirements. Operational principles, efficiencies, and suitability of PEMFCs and SOFCs for marine applications are discussed. Factors like ship type, operating profile, and specific application are crucial in fuel and power system selection. While LNG reduces CO2 emissions in the short term and methanol holds future potential, ammonia should not be overlooked. CO2 pricing and regulations impact the attractiveness of alternative fuels. Achieving emission reduction goals requires a significant shift in ship energy systems. Shipowners will evaluate fuel and propulsion choices based on requirements, local conditions, and strategic trade-offs.